[PDF]Wind Pumping-A Handbook

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Wind Pumping; A Handbook

World BanK Technical Paper Number 101

By: Joop van Meel and Paul Smulders



Published by: IBRD

1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20433



Available from: Publications Sales Unit



The World Bank
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20433



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WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 101



INDUSTRY AND ENERGY SERIES



Wind Pumping

A Handbook



Joop van Meel and Paul Smulders



The World Bank
Washington, D.C.



Copyright® 1989

The International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development/THE world bank
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.

All rights reserved

Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing July 1989

Technical Papers are not formal publications of the World Bank, and are circulated to encour-
age discussion and comment and to communicate the results of the Bank's work quickly to
the development community; citation and the use of these papers should take account of
their provisional character. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this
paper are entirely those of the authors) and should not be attributed in any manner to the
World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors
or the countries they represent. Any maps that accompany the text have been prepared
solely for the convenience of readers; the designations and presentation ■*! material in them
do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank, its af-
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Because of the informality and to present the results of research with the least possible
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The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce por-
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The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of
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The latest edition is available free of charge from the Publications Sales Unit, Department F,
The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications,
The World Bank, 66, avenue d'lena, 75116 Paris, France.

Joop van Meel and Paul Smulders, of DHV Consultants, Amersfoort, Netherlands, are con-
sultants to the World Bank.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Van Meel. Joop, 1952-

Wind pumping : a handbook / Joop van Meel and Paul Smulders.

p. cm. — (World Bank technical paper, ISSN 0253-7494 ; no.

101 )

Bibliography: p.
ISBN 0-8213-1235-9

1. Wind puaps— Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Smulders. Paul. 1933-
. II. Title. III. Series.
TJ926.V34 1989

627 * . 52— dc20 89-9 1 08

CIP



ABSTRACT



Interest in wind energy and in its application to the management of water supply has been
growing. Many opportunities exist, especially in developing countries, for win«i power to be used
effectively and economically to pump water. This is particularly of interest in areas where other
forms of energy are difficult or expensive to obtain. As a result, wind pumping in many instances
represents the most effective and economic alternative.

This comprehensive handbook is meant to provide energy and water supply professionals
and economists as well as field officers with an easily accessible source of information on wind
pumping. It consolidates information acquired by institutions, professionals, and research centers
in an easily extractable form. The first chapter is specifically dedicated to the question "Is wind
pumping for you?". Chapter 2 then provides an overview of the characteristics of the technology.
Chapter 3 discusses the techniques for sizing of wind pumps, while chapter 4 discusses the sizing
of alternative small pumps. Chapter 5 provides guidelines for financial and economic assessment
of wind pumping. Finally, chapter 6 provides particulars on installation, maintenance, and other
logistical matters. Several annexes provide supporting details and examples.



TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 101
D ENERGY SERIES

Pumping

ook



-vii-



CONTENTS



Foreword xv

Acknowledgements xvii

Conversion of units xviii

Introduction . . . xix

1. Is wind pumping for you? 1

1.1 A brief history of the use of windmills 1

1.2 Water output and energy requirements 3

13 Evaluating a wind site 9

1.4 Typical water pumping applications 14

1.5 Viability of wind pumping , 15

2. Wind pump technology 21

2.1 Types of wind pumps 25

22 Prune mover: mechanical windmill 27

2.2.1 Windmill components 27

2.2.2 Windmill characteristics 29

2.3 The piston pump 33

23.1 Description 33

23.2 Characteristics of a piston pump 34

2.4 Matching of windmill and piston pump 37

25 Performance of wind pump systems 41

2.6 Storage and distribution 43

2.6.1 Storage of water 43

2.6.2 Distribution 46

2.7 Which windmill should you choose? .47

3. Wind pump sizing 48

3.1 Assessing water requirements 51

3.1.1 Irrigation 51

3.1.2 Water requirements for rural water supply 53

3.2 Calculating the hydraulic power requirements 54

33 Determining the available wind power resources 56

3.4 Deterrnining the design month 59

3.5 Sizing the wind pump system 61

3.5.1 Considerations in choosing the type of wind pump 61

352 High output versus high output availability 63

3.6 Preparing the final specifications 71



-viii-



4. Sizing of alternative small water pumping systems * 75

4.1 Determining monthly hydraulic power requirements 77

4.2 Determining the available power resources 77

43 Determining the design month 77

4.4 Sizing the power source and pump 79

4.4.1 Wind pumps 79

4.42 Solar Pumps 79

4.43 Engine-driven pumps 83

4.4.4 Animal traction and hand pumps 84

5. Financial Assessment 87

5.1 Economic and financial analysis 87

5.2 Procedure for a simplified cost comparison of small-

scale water pumping techniques in a specific situation 91

53 General data on costs 99

53.1 Data on wind pump costs 99

53.2 Costs of other pumping systems 105

5.4 General comparison of unit water costs for different small-scale

water pumping techniques 106

6. Logist'cs and supporting activities 113

6.1 Procurement 113

6.1.1 Lo-al manufacture - an interesting alternative 115

6.2 Installation, operation and maintenance 116

6.2.1 Installation 116

6.2.2 Operation and maintenance 119

63 Monitoring and evaluation 120

63.1 Aspects of monitoring and evaluation 120

63.2 Monitoring and testing 123

633 Simple cumulative measurements 125

6.4 Manpower and training requirements for installation

of large numbers of wind pumps 126

Appendix A. Wind resources 131

A.1 Wind on a worldwide scale 132

A. 2 Wind data requirements 138

A3 Wind in graphs and numbers 143

Appendix B. Details of the sizing methodology 151

B. l Equations used for sizing method of Chapter 3 152

B.2 Complete sizing and output prediction methodology 153



- ix-

B.3 Output prediction model 155

B. 4 Storage tank sizing 159

Appendix C Simple method of calculating costs «f water pumped by a wind pump, engine-driven

pump and solar pump 161

CI Costs of water pumped by a wind pump 162

C2 Costs of water pumped by an engine-driven pump 164

C. 3 Costs of water pumped by a solar pump 167

C4 The annuity factor 169

Appendix D. Examples 171

Example D.l: Irrigation in the dry zone of Sri Lanka 172

Example D.2: Water Supply to the village of Sao Filipe, Cape Verde 183

Appendix E. Blank Format Sheets 195

Appendix F. Example tender documents for the procurement of wind pumps 205

F.l Instructions to tenderers 207

F2 Specification 207

F3 Questionnaire for tenderers 212

F. 4 Price and delivery 214

Appendix G. Glossary, list of symbols, and conversion of units 217

G. l Glossary 218

G.2 List of symbols 223

G3 Conversion of units 225

References , 227

Annex: Testing and monitoring of wind pump systems in field conditions 233

1. Introduction 234

1.1 The "Handbook for comparative evaluation of technical

and economic performance of water pumping systems'' 234

12 Overview of the test procedures 235

2. Personnel and equipment requirements 236

2.1 Personnel qualifications 236

22 Measurement equipment required 237



X -



3. Data collection at the start of the tests 240

3.1 General information 240

32 Persons involved • 242

33 Water source and well construction 242

3.4 Summary of operating experience 243

33 System description wind pumps 243

3.6 Description of the site 246



4. Short-Term Tests • 247

4.1 Objectives 247

4.2 Test protocol 247

43 Data reduction 252



5. Long-Term Tests 256

5.1 The "system" during Long-Term Tests 256

5.2 Measurements and data collection during Long-Term Tests 256

5.3 Data reduction of Long-Term Tests 263



6. Total effective head 270



References 272



- xi -



List of figures



1.1 Technical and effective water output 3

1.2a Schematic layout of a village water supply system

showing the five major components 4

1.2b Schematic layout of a small irrigation system

showing the six major components 4

1.3a Energy losses in a water pumping system 6

1.3b Composition of total pumping head 6

1.4 Worldwide wind energy resource distribution estimates following 274

1.5 Examples of monthly and hourly variations of wind speed, Khartoum 8

1.6 Chart to estimate the output of a water pumping windmill 10

2.1 Schematic layout of wind pumping system for water supply

for domestic use and livestock 22

2.2 Photographs of mechanical wind pumps 23

2.3 Types of wind pumps classified according to type of transmission 24

2.4 Components of mechanical windmills 26

2.5 Dimensionless torque-speed and power-speed characteristics

of wind rotors of mechanical wind pumps 30

2.6 Piston pumps used in combination with windmills 32

2.7 Torque of a piston pump versus time 34

2.S Rough indication of the range of application of different pump

types in combination with wind machines

2.9 Matching of windmill and piston pumps 3.

2.10 Storage tanks: principles of construction 44

3.1 Steps to be taken for evaluation and design of pumping installations 49

3.2a Soil moisture quantities , 51

3.2b Rate of crop growth as a function of soil moisture content 52

3.3 Nomogram to determine the rotor size of a wind pump 64

3.4 Nomogram to size the pump of a wind pump system 66

3.5 Nomogram to choose stroke and diameter of piston pump 68

3.6 Head loss in smooth pipes of different internal diameters 71

4.1 Nomogram to determine the average hydraulic power requirement

from pumping requirement and total head 76

4.2 Nomograms for approximate sizing of wind and solar pumps 78

4.3 Nomogram for approximate sizing of engine-driven pumps 82

4.4 Graphs for approximate sizing of animal traction and hand pumps 84

5.1 Prices (ex factory) of wind pumps 99

5.2 Trends in specific mass (kg per m 2 rotor area) of classical

multiblade and modern design wind pumps 100

5.3a Comparison of unit water pumping costs of wind, solar,

and engine-driven pumps (past/present) 108

5.3b Comparison of unit water pumping costs of wind, solar,

and engine-driven pumps (present/future) 109



-Xll-



6.1 l^pical wind pump system layouts 115

62 Topical methods for erection of wind pumps 117



Figures In appendices

A.1 Schematic picture of the general circulation of air around the globe 134

A.2 Simple schematic picture of sea-breeze circulation 136

A.3 Schematic illustration of mountain (A) and valley (B) wind 136

A.4 Information relevant to the utilization of

wind energy for water pumping 139

A.5 Zone of disturbed flow over a small building 141

A.6 Siting of wind pumping systems in complex terrain 142

A.7 Average wind speed at the hub height of rotor 146

A.8 Ihe Weibull distribution 147

A. 9 The cumulative velocity distribution of the month June 1975,

measured in Praia (Cape Verde) 149

B. l Energy production coefficient as a function of design wind

speed over average wind speed 154

B.2 Output availability of 10% of average output as a function

design wind speed over average wind speed 154

B.3 Calculation of total output of a wind machine from the wind

speed frequency distribution and the output curve 156

B.4 Output performance of a windmill coupled to a piston pump

Output behaviour and average output curves 156

B.5 Output curves used for the computations 158

B.6 The relationship between the required storage tank capacity (in days)

and the wind pump exploitation factor 160

D.l Cropping pattern of a typical small farm in the dry zone of Sri Lanka 174

D.2 Layout of Achada Sao Filipe water supply system 183

D.3 Layout of Achada Sao Filipe water pumping system 184

F.l Examples of layout of wind pumping system 215



Figures In annex

2.1 Installation of flow meters 238

4.1 Example of water output curve 253

4.2 Example of rotor rotational speed curve 253

4.3 Example of overall wind pump performance factor curve 254

5.1 Example of head measurements * • 259

6.1 Equivalent head for horizontal transport as a function

of the distance L 270



-xiii-



List of tables



1.1 Hydraulic power and energy output of a 5-meter diameter

wind pump for different average wind speeds 13

1.2 Preliminary assessment of using wind pumps 16

2.1 Types of pumps suitable for application in combination

with wind machines 36

2.2 Representative values of design and performance characteristics

for wind pump systems 40

2.3 Suitability of major irrigation methods for use with wind pumps 47

3.1 Specification of example site 50

3.2 Topical net irrigation water requirements for Bangladesh and Thailand 52

3.3 Typical daily water requirements for livestock 53

3.4 Format sheet for assessment of hydraulic power requirements 55

3.5 Format sheet for assessment of wind power resources 56

3.6 Format sheet for identification of design month 58

3.7 Format sheet for wind pump system sizing 60

3.8 Format sheet for specification of wind pump performance 72

4.1 State of the art for motor/pump subsystem of solar pumps 80

5.1a Format sheet to calculate the unit water cost of a small-scale pumping

system. Completed for the example w : ; J - .rap system of Chapter 3 90

5.1b Format sheet to calculate the unit wa< st of a small-scale pumping

system. Completed for the example solar pump system 92

5.1c Format sheet to calculate the unit water cost of a small-scale pumping

system. Completed for the example diesel pump system 94

5.2 Wind pump costs per unit weight 101

5.3 Approximative cost components of classical wind pumps in percentages 101

5.4 Approximative cost aspects of storage tanks 103

5.5 General (approximative) cost aspect of small-scale pumping systems 104

6.1 Format sheet for recording wind pump performance , 124

Tables in appendices

A.1 Conversion of units of wind velocity 143

A.2 Beaufort scale, used for classifying wind speeds 144

A.3 The density of dry air at different altitudes under standard conditions 145

A. 4 Roughness classification 145

B. l Values of start and stop wind speeds related to design wind

speed for various types of wind pumps 158

C. l Annuity factor as a function of interest rate and lifetime 169



•xiv-



D.l Irrigation requirements and cultivated area of small

farm in dry zone of Sri Lanka 174

D.2-D.8

Completed format sheets for dry zone of Sri Lanka 178-81

D.9 Wind speed data of Praia airport 186

D.10-D.16

Completed format sheets for Achada, Sao Filipe, Cape Verde 190-93



Tables in annex

1 Personnel requirements 236

3.1 Datasheet General information on pumping system 240

3.2 Data sheet Persons involved in daily care for the system 241

3.3 Data sheet. Water source 242

3.4 Data sheet System description wind pump 244

3.5 Data sheet. Summary of wind data 246

4.1 Data sheet Measurements and calculations Short-Term Tests 250

5.1 Data sheet. Measurements and calculations Long-Term Tests 257

5.2 Data sheet Chronological survey of all relevant events 261

5.3 Data sheet Summary of information of wind pump system 267



XV -



Foreword



Many rural areas of tbe world have an acute need for reliable inexpensive systems for
pumping water for domestic use, for livestock, and for small-scale irrigation. The wind
pump, used for centuries to lift water, but largely abandoned after the introduction of
engire-driven pumps (generally fuelled by diesel or kerosene) and electric pumps, is now
being reconsidered as one of several alternative technologies that can be used to assure
that rural water pumping needs are met.

The classic multibladed windmill that was a familiar sight in the Great Plains of the US
until the 1940s is still being manufactured today. However, engineers have recently
begun to make improvements to the design of these pumps, and adapt them for use in
developing countries.

Since the oil crisis in 1973 that led to a substantial increase in the price of oil-based
fuels, there has been great interest in renewable energy sources such as wind and solar.
In the last ten years, considerable effort has been spent on the development and
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