[PDF]Water Pumping Devices a Handbook

^ IH MICROFICHE
JB I REFERENCE
XI LIBRARY

A project of Volunteers in Asia



Water Pumplno Devices: A Handbook tor Users and
By: Peter Fraenkel



Published by: Intermediate Technology Publications
1C3/t05 Southampton Row
London WC1B4HH

U.K.



Available from: Intermediate Technology Publications
103/105 Southampton Row
London WC1B4HH

U.K.



Reproduced witl» r*ermission.



Reproduction of this microfiche document in any form is subject to the same
restrictions as those of the original document.



Water -Pumping Devices

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A handbook for users and choosers [

Peter Fraenkel .J

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WATCH-PUMPING DEVICES



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Li Scope Md purpos* ot this paper 1

1.2 ft** iscreasiof import one* of irrigation 1

1*3 Irrigation aad the "Energy Crisis* 2

L4 JSswit i*?4<*at i ** and devel opmen t 3

.13 th* choice of voter lifting technique 4

2. MMC1I UrTMB reft tSttlSftff&ft i

2%t General principles of water lifting i

2.!. I Gtef init&efts of Work* power, energy and efficiency i
2.1.2 tfficiency of components* the importance of Matching 6

2.;.> Irrigation system tosses 7

2.1.4 Plow through channel* and pipe* S

2.1. i auction liftt the atmospheric limit 13

2.1.6 Br an tic w n and **a*:9nal variations of water level 13

2.1.7 Review of a complete lift irrigation system IS
2. % Practical power requirements II

2.2 Outline of principles of smell-scale irrigation IS

2.2.1 irrigation water requirements IS

2.2.2 Nett irrigation requirement IS

2.2.1 dross irrigation requirement 19

2.2.4 Pumping requirement 26

i. mmm m mm mm ***«* ttmm bsvices ?i

J. I Principles for moving or lifting water 21

1.2 Temooomy of water lifts and pumps 21

3.3 isciproeoting and cyclic direct lift devices 22

3.3.1 watering cans, bucket*, scoops, bailers and the

swing basnet 22

3.3.2 Suspended scoop, gutters, dhones and the counterpoise-
~lift or shadoof 22

3.3.3 Bucket hoists, windlasses, mohtes a «d w»-er ships 22

3.4 notary direct lift devices 23

3.4.1 packet elevators, Persian wheels and noriat 23

3.4.2 Improved Persian wheels, (sawaffa or jhellarj 24

3.4.3 ge eop- w h e e lsf sahia, tympanum o? tablia 24



3.0 aadptocatiaa atipUrwiHt pua«x2 26

3.5.1 Mat** or teekat fNBf** teste ptls#*plaa 26

3.5.2 naahla-acttna ptatoa paapa aad plug far puapa at

3.5.3 Mataas Ml valvaa 31

3.5.4 Sa cip gotatias pj^irt p i p a l las a 32

3.5.5 Sseiprocatli* faoccaol* pop* 35

3.5.6 Kydrattlically aetivatad teraaols pumps 36
3.S.? Pt apart pa paapa 37

3.5.0 6aal-rotary pumps 30
«m disalacaaaat pamps 3*

3.4 sntmfy positive dlapUcaaaat paapa 39

3.6.1 PlMibte «MM> pMMMi 40

3.6.2 inimttw cmtitf (Mono) paapa «0

3.6.3 ajKlrtmadaaa aeraw and opsa nw pump* 41

3.6.4 Gail iat spiral pumps 42

3.6.5 Mil* «hMlt» trrasdaiUa sod flastad»als 43

1.6.6 MBt«*-t«MM« Md 0**000 fpin* pumps 44

3.6.7 Cteia aad vaster ar tataraostat pumps 45

3.7 toctpnesttst iasrti* t3osals> pump* 4s

1.1.1 Flap vslvs pump 47

3*7.2 sms m at Isasls pump 47

3.6.1 ■ ctcdysswt e p umps * teste priaeiplaa 40
1.0.2 Volttts* tarsia* sad r s a s aar ativa caatrifussl pumps 48
3.0.3 *atnrtyaaatc pump characteristic* sad impallar typss SO

1.0.4 Asia! flow (propallar ) pumps 51

3.4.5 Ittasd flaw paaps 52

3.0.6 Csasrifuosi pumps 53

3.S.7 Multi-staa* sad borate!* fotodyasmic pumps 55

3.0.0 falf-primiaf r o t o dyn a ml c pumps 50

3.0.9 felf-primima jot paaps 56

1.9 *ir«lift pumps 50

1.10) Impuis* fust*? w amaa r ) dsviess 59

1.11 Gravity dsviess 59

3.11.1 typaoas 59

3.11.2 Qsnats sad foaoszs 60

3.12 materials for wstsr lifting devices 61

1.13 Summary r*vi*v of water lifting dsviess 65



4. powm roa fwvip* 66

4.1 rri m* -se ver s as part of a pumping system 66

4.1.1 Importance of cost-<#ff*ctiveness 66

4.1.2 Transmission system* 60
4.1.1 Fusis sad s w s rey storage 71



4.2 Sanaa garnet "**

4.2.1 ttmin bataf* •» pa*** aaorcoe 11

4.2.2 lvadttioaal Mttr lifUaf davieo* 14

4.2.3 MMdpoaps

4.2.4 Miiiiflpimp MiRtwAue* 11

4.) AftlMl poutr 18

4.3.1 KoMW aapnbiUfeio* of ¥oriot»s «p*ci«« 79

4*1.2 Pood rs qoic s won ts. 80

4.3.3 Ooanliafi saanald to wstar-UfUBO, «y*t«M 81

4.4 tatatanl coafcttstioa *»Qin«« S3

4.4.1 &iff«r**fc typ** of i.e. «noin* 83

4.4.2 Efficiency of «iwin* powored puaplaa. systsaa 88

4wS tttaMl cojdMtstioa •oqiaM 91

4.5.1 StoM oaoiaM 92

4.5.2 StirUaa onoiau 93

4.* tl*ctric*l pom* 94

4.4.1 fourcc* *na tyes* of slsctrieity 95

4.4.2 ft£ aaia* (aw 97

4.4.3 tlartrte actors 97

4.4.4 tlsctrical aaffoty 99

4.1 mad bmmt 99

4.1.1 taetajMuad Md 8Ut«-of-th»-Art 9S

4.1.2 PriadttlM of Kind tnorty Conversion 102

4.7.3 fa* Wind ftssourco 109

4.1.4 Wadpupp VitrfonMnc* Estimation

4.8 Bolt power 118

4.8.1 — m o rounrt aad Ststs-of-tho-Art 118

4.8.2 Principles of nUr •asroy conversion 120

4.9.3 The solar Mtrfy resource 127

4.8.4 P*sf©*meiic« estimation 127

4.9 Hydro pews* 130

4.9.1 ■adkffOMnd Md ft«to*«f-»w-Aft 1»

4.9.2 0M of turbine* for eator lifting 133

4.9.3 9n* hydraulic r«t pomp (or hyorem) 13f

4.9.4 Mats* «d>eels and nor 4m 138

4.9.5 novel water powered devices 140

4.10) Moans* and coal fta* non-petroleum fools) 142

4.10.1 in* availability and distribution of fool* 142

4.10.2 la* as* of solid fools 145

4.10.3 las coo of liquid bi o — s fools 149

4.10.4 6m from biOMMSi tio«M 15%



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5.1.1 Crifc«*ia to* cost eoHpur&Mn 15*

5.1.2 CfttatlAtie* of costs a»4 bans* Us 15?
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§.2.6 Potestis! for i«s?#i msfttifscttuf* Is*

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171



1%* f«WI#fe*r» »@«l«t t$k* to etonk tb# following especially for che uts of
»aBs?rt*t fro* wfcleti ilJtvstrseioa* lw« bssn drawn:

WtSf, Kap«l; Cttpwtfot; to, M*t* an4 th# Institute of Cl*ll Engineer*. London;
l*jr##*» E* *•* CWf, Unp Kecfeerisas'*; Sat to sal Aeronaut teal Lab,, Bangalore;
I«tete»»t*s lasettsts; PI Ee&mmUx and foelai Co^wtcilon for Asia and tne



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ia aeon and nkkmc c* fins nukr

TM* pspor in effect seplaeM the «k ilent, but no* tang out of print
booklet* entitled! •***•* Lifting nevioM for «^ia*tion", by Aldert Nolenser.
MMltibsd by no mm lows ego mm t«S» til* Sine* tbnt tin» # little bom than
oa* ojoeretto* see* the human population tta* almost doubled. In tbo ion
short period* ovot twice a* men petroleum* our win source of energy* nno
mm wnsMsd mm in tbo whole of history prior to it4e« bat tboro mo »1m
mm • much inat «w wmm > of tbo constraint* which must force changes in
tocbsntony*

tbo primary purpose of tbi* pspsr it to provide • booio for compering
Mi choosing not moo oil present «nd (near* fetor* option* for lifting
irrigation wto m smelt eed medium sissd Isad-holdings (generally in tbo
ranee m to ony W belU smstl iend-heidiue* in this Hm rongo are most
minrniw » many of tbo d*v#l*>piiw ecuntri*** ud estensiofi of tbo um of
irriootieo to tbio mull camtne Meter eeeid bring hug* tamer it* in increased
foot production sad i epro^ri MM*ie veli-beif;?. It is oIm hoped thst this
peper will be Moral to tboM seeking technique* for lifting Mter for
purees otbor tbM irrigation.



i.3> tm iMdStnsiNa nmwgmet or iim&mcm

Mter bM elMys been • priMry human nesdi probably the first
coneidsrstien for soy co mm uni ty be* always beM the need for reedy eeoMS to
it. IrrleetiM Mter mm speeif iMlly een offer tbo following ieportent

i. iMvoMM lend) stm brougbt under cultivation

11. i wpriwM crop yield over r*in-f*d sericulture thrM or four- fold
iii. ellOM frMter cropping intensity
i*. pr od Mee improved economic security for tbo farmer
v. reduced drought risk, wbieb in torn allows t

see of high yield seed*

increased us* of fertiliser, pesticides and mechanisation
control of timing for delivery to market
control of timing for labour demand

wi. allows introduction of more valuable crops

reeding the rapidly growing human race is sn increuinoly vital
problem. Tbere is no readily identifiable yield- increasing technology other



- 2 -



tfta* t.fc« i/n|K©tt««i M#>«it«r'f«rU I ia«* tpproeeh. it le expected that in the
nwt tw© decade© afafau't t&ree ttttiururi ©? all the increase* in tit* output of
b**ie- rtapl** wirt haw© st© ©em© (toil yield increase*. *v©b thot^h d»slnf the
past 4©©©*© fi#M tact — w have only suc ce e d ed in eupplyin© tut If th© increase
4ft ©©tp**. ?<*i» Tfcie 4© b©©au** there 4ft l«s« an4 lees twUU but e» yet
©»e©A««*t«©f ©rep© is * primary r©ute fee- teriaf-in©, •©*© land under cut ti vat ion and to
u»e»«a«4iHf yield© fro© entstln©, far© land. Irrigation will therefore ba
fc*«e*«e*i*©ly important in the future beta t© tncreaa© the yield fro© already
e©tuw*t*d taw* and *l«© te permit th© cultivation of what is today marginal
fat mmmM>;m £©©©-«

TaMe l trrciicatw* th# irrigated region* of th* world* (adapeed frow
' r n , irtr.i t.ft© pr mctpet d*v«* lop trig e©«»tties whwrw Irrigation is currently
petctisiwri.. Th* majority of the land brought u>.de? irrigation eirce 1972 is
iitdirrly in £c»un tries wft^re irrigation t» -already generally practised. Mot many
(renin t <'<,«» haw *t^w{ leant arwa» of irrigated land and th» two moat populous
'.v-iuft erttr?4 and tndi*. h4v« 4 bene half ft the ent tr« world's irrigated
U«rt within thwir bordex.9. The?© two larqw and crowded count r tee will
h,*** ft? i,f«,"?s a se ?n«*ir irr ig*x*4t land etui further to i*pr©ve their fefpMmu&t i,Mft* wht l« other count rice facing *i!«t t*»r population pres*ur«** on the
ict.f5 -n» ton&rrew what India and China do today.



tusker dftd grx*3 ifl/wi can eft en be f©«#id in ?yxtepo«ition, but It 1 8 the
jsjei-jf te»&or. s»t en** tjKt'te.-ist^ty p?^? f&e puAp.in<| which I* eo often the primary
'«w**»r*tnt. numan ©uscl* pftw*r v.* imtit-f, ao4 1 1 1 «e hnaif,fj ug,&<\ in many ^ftt «>l the world, to lift and
fUntftgnin* t>ut 4* wilt r># fe*|>l#in*d i#t©r # thsg* technique* #r# often

«
Ttt-c jf-5f«. «*sefi«3ftf,gwt t tf t teetqaiRioft e»chn tque* mm t^conmu mcreaetnqly
imeortanf. tu mwftg «h« *.ndrmou« pr
rtm me**, or »ee^eed land tn the world haa been eatimated to have
tr»/j<««*B«3 e,./ 4b^ue 70% m the p»ri«4.t>i*h«»(,'w wit! r*en thf^Tj/jr, the inef#asin<9 «*• ©f engine and

«*twc«.f %tt«wi
6 < in e«*l twr«m»!. tfnnf«/«ir* «inee then th© pr ice ©f petroleum* and henee

■■i? tlmfft-e , Sflif r.««vi*«j tints, mm thin ri#§ f#duced the margin to be
'jti6R« K-y a from if ei'jst ion, atne# tta^i prie#t h#ve g#n#r#lly b#«n

g>ffft/«ftis«4 f « >m c «. sirs'? in lim with wergy eests. S«» fov#fn«nc# #tt#«pe t©
mitiyae* ente sttuat^on by *-4bsidt.%.n«| oil and rural electricity for uae in
ri« ^'-"jf-ufw, C/mS many of f.h«sf %izoci su'-.ft 4 policy wttieti 6iM"6r (sate* bdiance of p#y»enEi deficite by

r j*:<»'j_f.i« pr*2«f\r. (shcjrf t- tfer!i» fluctuatione ir> oil prices, ee^ventienal
oi.. -ft*««nf» (Bft^i.«jirea« and mama elactricity are expected to

.on* tetter Eo .f/'f*),i::n i*s * H*» lofiqtat '.«:«, ?h«r « 4f « a I go ma }or problems
ic-'ri^'d *izh m
T%U6re $.< tharafor« a considerable incentive in most of the poorer
developing countries to discourage the use of oil, even though there is an
anally strong, incentive to encourage the increase of agricultural production,



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- 3



which so often demands pumpeded irrigation. As a result, there is an
increasing need to find methods for energizing irrigation pumps that are
independent of imported oil or centralized electricity.

1.4 SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Intensive irrigation of small-holdings is likely to become
increasingly important and widely used during the next few decades,
particularly in the developing countries. This is because the majority of
land-holdings, particularly in Asia and Africa are quite small, under 2 ha
[4]. Even in South America, where the maximum percentage of farmed iand
consists of very large land-holdings, the most numerous type of land-holding
is under 5 ha.

Studies have shown that small land-holdings are often more productive,
in terms of yield per hectare, than larger units. An Indian farm management
study [5], indicated that small family run land-holdings are consistently more
productive than larger units, although they are more demanding in terms of
labour inputs. A similar survey in Brazil [5], also showed better land
utilization on small land-holdings; however this was achieved by applying
between 5 and 22 times as much labour per hectare compared with large farms

Small land-holdings also generally achieve better energy ratios than
large ones; i.e. the ratio of energy available in the crop produced, to the
energy required to produce it. Energy ratios for tropical subsistence and
semi-subsistence agriculture are in the range 10 to 60 (i.e. the food product
has 10 to 60 times as much energy calorific value as the energy input to grow
it) [6]. Mechanised large scale commercial agriculture, which usually, but
not necessarily produces a better financial return, generally has energy
ratios in the range from dbout 4 to less than 1. Therefore, in a situation
where commercial fuels will get both scarcer and more expensive, there is more
scope for increasing food production through improving the productivity of
small labour-intensive land-holdings which have the potential capability to
produce most food from a given investment in land and energy.

Small-scale irrigation has been shown to offer positive results in
alleviating poverty. For example, the introduction of irrigation can double
the labour requirements per hectare of land [5], and raise the incomes thereby
not only of the farmers but also of landless labourers. The same reference
gives examples from actual surveys of the average percentage increase in
income for farmers who practised irrigation compared with those who did notj
examples of increases obtained were 469% in Cameroon, 75% in South Korea, 90%
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