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H.D. SHOURIE


Director General, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, and
Commissioner General of India for Expo '70





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INDIA


ITS LINK WITH THE PAST. ITS DATE WITH TOMORROW.


Thus it is that in the country the domes of
the mosque rise beside the sculptured spires
of the temple. And the church lives with the
synagogue and the gurdwara. Different faiths,
religions, ways of worship, co-exist. The
State has no religion. It is secular. It
guarantees to the individual freedom of thou-
ah: and worship.

The country is of sub-continental propor-
tions. lt has an area of more than three
million sauare kilometres, 3200 kilometres
from north to south, nearly 3000 kilometres
from east to west. Its population is one
seventh of the total world population. 530
million people, growing by 13 million a year.
They will cross 600 million in five years.

Mare than 70 percent of the people live in
villages. Some of the villages are still steeped
in the past, others have woken upto the
present. There are 570,000 villages, 2700
towns with a population of more than 100,000.
The people comprise mixture of different com-
plexions, characteristics, physiques-the chise-
lled features of Kashmiris, the robustness of
Punjabis, the sturdiness of the Rajasthanis,
the softness of Konkan expressions, the quick
intelligence of the Madrasis and Keralites in
the south.

There are 844 languages spoken, of them
47 each by more than 100,000. These are
not really separate languages, however. They
are more in the nature of dialects. The main
recognised languages are 15, twelve of which
have originated from Sanskrit with varied
dialects.

Half the population of India is below 18
years of age. Their India is young, though
the country is of hoary past, old. Growing
population neutralises the benefits and achie-
vements of development and progress. The
country recognises this threat. The nation is
increasingly aware of the need for population
control. Measures to this end are being
extensively propagated and adopted.


contd. page4


India stands at the cross-roads of time,
with a magnificent past behind and a chall-
enging future ahead. it derives enduranace
and sustenance from the past but its face IS
turned to the future. It lives simultaneously
in many centuries. 5 date is, with tomorrow.

India has been a cradle of civilizations, cul-
tures end religions. Its wey of life spread ages
ago to the countries of south-east Asia. lt
has lived through many transformations. ts
story is long unfolding. Like the pearl in the
oyster it has grown with gradua! accretion.

The saints, sages and philosophers of this
land gave form and substance to the life of
the spirit. They probed the depths of the
universe. lis scientists developed astronomy
three thousand years ago. They figured out
that the earth revolves round the sun. Its
mathematicians developed the concept of
zero. Medics developed an elaborate system
of medicine.

When the Aryans came to the broad and
fertile plains of India thousands of years ago,
a civilization already flourished. They aban-
doned nomadic ways, settled down, built
cities, and gave themselves to the Indian
earth.

Slowly the river of life threw up empires.
Dynasties rose and fell like waves, each
leaving in its wake a tide-mark of new systems
of worship and philosophy, new styles of
architecture, new art forms, new cultural
expression, indeed a new life. Two of the
world's greatest religions, Hinduism and
Buddhism, were born here.

To this land came the Kushans, Mongolian
Ahoms, Phoenicians, Scythians, Bactrians,
Parthians, Greeks, Romans, Persians, Arabs
and Moghuls. There were also Zoroastrians
and Christians. They were all changed by
the country, like the Aryans, transmuted by
its curious alchemy, till they became flesh of


its flesh. Later came the British. They did
not merge.








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India has for thousands of years been the cradle of civilizations,
religions and cultures. First book of mankind, the Vedas, was
written here. Ancient scriptures, handed down the generations,
have carried the words of philosophersand sages.











grown. Steel production has multiplied, from
one million tonnes a few years ago to about
seven million tonnes. Iron ore output has
increased from 3 million tonnes to 26 million
tonnes. Engineering industries, electrical
industries, chemical plants, petrochemical
complexes, plastics, textiles, cement, paper,
sugar, pharmaceuticals, machine tools, heavy
engineering machines, all these have recorded
impressive growth. There is hardly anything
from pin to automobile to locomotive to ship
to some airplanes, which is not now manufac-
tured in India. Modernisation and sophistica-
tion are increasingly in evidence in all fields
of industry. Great stress is being laid by in- `
dustry on quality production.

Till a few years ago the country only ex-
ported primary commodities and certain tradi-
tional products like spices, tea, textiles, jute
etc. It is now exporting nearly 3,000 different
products, to markets all the world over. Its
exports now include new and sophisticated
products of metals, engineering, chemicals,
synthetics, plastics. It is seeking to export
isotopes generated by atomic power.

While participating in the modernisation
process the country has maintained the heri-
tage of the past. Cultural aspects of develop-
ment have been stimulated and strengthened.
In arts the country is passing through a virtual
renaissance. The maintenance and develop-
ment of the skills of handicraftsmen, for pro-
ducing articles of exquisite beauty, are en-
couraged. :

Past traditions, culture and values co-exist
with the problems of the present and aspira-
tions of the future. The handicraftsmen and
handloom operators co-exist with the new
scientists and engineers and technologists. In
industry private initiative co-exists with the
state sector. The bullock lies near the tractor.
The cart is within sight of the jet. :

Such is India. Endowed with bountiful
nature. Thronged by multitudes. Living د‎
the past. Tackling the present. Eager for the
future.


Infra-structure, to hold the massive structure
of development, has been built extensively in
all fields, agriculture, irrigation, electricity,
transport, communications, mining, industry.
With the expansion of this network of infras-
tructure the country. is poised for faster
development and progress. Development over
the last two decades makes a fascinating
saga of achievements. ES

Agriculture, the mainstay of ihe population,
has been expanded, improved and modernised.
Enormous new areas have been sown and
irrigated. Cropped area has increased from
275 million acres to 400 million acres. Gigantic
dams, some among the world’s largest. have
been buili. Reservoirs, irri on channels and
canals have been constructed. New hybrid
strains and improved seeds have been evolved.
Fertilizers are being produced and are in great
demand. Pesticides are reducing crop wastage.
Pre-cesses of mechanism and modernisation
have been introduced. The results have been
very heartening. Food production has doubled
inthe last 15 years, reaching 100 million tons.
The country has now positive hope that it will
be self-sufficient in fcod.

Electric power capacity, the muscle of
modernisation, has increased seven times and
is now about 15 million kilowatts. Practically
one of every ten, out of the 570,000 villages,
has been electrified. Ten years ago only one
in 1,000 villages had this facility. Railway
network now covers 60,000 kilometres, inclu-
ding 3,000 kms of electrified stretches and
20,000 kms under diesel traction. Railways
carry 2250 million passengers a year. Ship-
ping capacity has increased to two million
gross tonnage. |t was insignificant two de-
cades ago. Airlines within the country carry
1.5 million passengers. Telecommunications
network covers the entire land. The country
is producing more than six million tonnes of
crude oil. Eight refineries with capacity of
million tonnes have already been set up. Off-
shore oil explorations are in progress.

The industrial base has expanded remar-
kably. Basic industries, machine-making indu-
Stries and consumer goods industries have all






India faces 20th century problems. The
problems of development. More and better
food for the people. More housing. More


work opportunities for them. More industry
more exports. Greater technology. Greater
advancement and progress. Higher rate of
growth. To raise the living standards of the
people. To meet rising expectations.

The country is using 20th century methods
for solving these problems. It is tackling the
tasks of the 70's, of the immediate future, but
it is also projecting the thoughts to the 21st
century.

Devoted to democracy, a feature of the
country over the centuries, it is solving its
problems through democratic means and
processes. The two decades, since the
attainment of independence, have been an
exciting phase. This period has brought forth
the biggest functioning modern democracy in
the world. The enormous population on the
vast sub-continent has, within two decades,
become attuned to the democratic way of
life. They have passed through four peaceful
general elections, each time electing over 500
members of federal parliament and about
3500 members of assemblies of states. Social
democracy has got embedded into the vitals
of the country. Expression is free. Freedom

of thought is a reality. Press is remarkably
outspoken and vigorous. Expression of dissent
and dissatisfaction is unhampered.

llliteracy was previously rampant. Literacy

is sweeping in fast. There are now 70 million
children in schools. In another ten years there
will be more children in schools than the entire
population of Europe. The constitution provi-
des for free and compulsory education. Higher
and technical education has developed apace.
There are 75 universities. 75000 engineers
and technologists are turned out every year
by the technological institutions, A growing
mass of 350,000 science graduates and
150,000 engineers has already emerged. In
the last 15 years, 32 million jobs have been
created., Many more jobs will of course need
to be continuously created for meeting the
needs of the mounting work force.


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India lives simultaneously in many centuries. Living in the present,
building for the future, it derives inspiration from the past.
The: picture recaptures the moment of dance performance as an Caves off Bombay.


offering to the Trimurthi, the Trinity of Gods, Brahma, Vishnu and
Shiva, respectively, the Creator, Protector and Destroyer, in the














India is a veritable kaleidoscope of colours, costumes and creeds,
It lives simultaneously in many centuries, Past and present co-exist
in it with the future. j
Over the length and breadth of the sub-continent physiognomy
changes, dress changes, food varies and so do languages and

«dialects. There fs yet a basic unity amidst the diversity. ` ;

' The country extends 3,000 kms from north to south and about

same distance from eastto west. From Himalayan mountains capped

with eternal snow in the north to fertile plains to-ralseo.plateau of |
the south, and backwaters of the surrounding seas, it ís blessed '
with nature's grandeurs, bounties. and resources, Its climate varies

from alpine of the mountains to temperate of foothills and plains,

-to blazing heat of desert, to heavy downpours of monsoon, <¥ j

530 million people live on this land. It is an enormous number. They


are the intermixture of those who originally inhabited it ages ago.


and those who came in: successive invading’ waves in: the past
centuries from the north-west, north-east and the western sea-coast
and who were adopted and assimilated by thé country. .























continent


scattered over the sub-


ion now is 530 milion,


The populat


Greeks, Alexandrians,


golian Ahoms, Phoenicians, Parthians,


coast


and attracted invading hordes which were assimilated by the land.
Among the population there are strains of Aryans, Kushans, Mon-


west and north-east mountain passes and western


Persians and Moghuls,
from north-


Romans,


who came in immigrant waves


Fertile plains of India have for centuries induced population growth








picture is of a crowd at Calcutta.


Crowds in different parts of India have their own uniqueness, in-


km from east to west.


of men and women of Rajasthan to the south-west of Delhi. The
colour picture on right page is of the crowd at Delhi and the other


326 million sq. km, 3,200 km from north to south and almost 3,000


which is the second largest country of the world,


dividuality and colour. Pictures on the left are of the colourful crowds


with area of











People of India have always been close to nature, to the sources of
life. From high mountains in the north to the surrounding seas,
the land is gifted with all the bounties which nature can bestow,
the scenes and the seasons, the flora and the fauna. Religion and
philosophy have drawn inspiration from these gifts of nature.

The picture is of people on the beach at Madras in the morning sun.





Ex







planned social and economic development.





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king to fulfil through. the democratic processes of


is 6


it


1


which has
ich


gation by the country and wh


and of the individuals that compose the masses,


been assumed as an obli


of demands and requirements. Itis the welfare of the masses,


possessing a distinct personality, feelings


amalgam


urges,


n


each


large country, one


apt to forget the individuals that make the crowds,





ina


, particularly


the crowds


ing


In see








Orient has always held out its mysteries and grace and enchantment.
The processes of economic and social development inevitably pull
the veil from the charm, but one can only hope that material pro-
gress will not brush away the social graces and traditional values.


>


Children are common to the family of man, be they in any country.
They are the muscle of tomorrow. They look upon the horizon of
tomorrow with anticipation mixed with apprehension. Itis to their
future that the energies of the nation are bent.





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centuries old seclusion, forced on them during the waves of in-


Women in India work side by side with men in every field-economic
vasions from across the frontiers, and have emerged to the fore


industrial, social, political, educational, technological. They build,
shoulder to shoulder with the men, a new India. They have shed of every activity.


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es and looks to new horizons of human endeavour. They are not


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circumstances, environments and events according to their concep-
tion. Yet, in India they are prepared, perhaps more than in most
other lands, to weigh in the scales the traditions and old cultural


always willing to accept things as they are. They wish to mou


Younger generation in India, as everywhere else, pulsates with ٧
urg


values for retaining the best from them.








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sitate the change, but one hopes that the accumulated graces of
the centuries will endure.








Brides in India have their own ethereal grace, charm and beauty.
Over the centuries the customs, traditions, ceremonies connected
with the Marriage, as with so many other aspects of life, have re-
mained practically unchanged.


The nose ring, of gold or silver, which the village girls as wellas town






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the country towards food self-sufficientcy for its millions.


Progress in


made by industry, agriculture is still the mainstay.


, has taken


larger availability of irrigation


expanding use of fertilisers,


lives in its villages, 570,000 of them. In spite of fast and rapid strides


d and hybrid seeds,


improve


Iture during the recent years, by


agricu


Peasantry of India constitutes its backbone. The country largely








Thousands of them have yet to have schools and dispensaries.
The problems are of vast magnititude, but the pattern and pace of
development of last two decades hold forth hope for their
marching along in the modern era before long.


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Villages in the country are in different phases of development.
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