[PDF]A Tin Of Salmon

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ORIENT LoNGMANS LTD


CALCUTTA, BOMBAY, MADRAS
DELHI, HYDERABAD, DACCA


First published 1949


Seventh impression 1961,


T c=


% CHAPTER I
ДА


ON the outside of а tin we sometimes see the word
Salmon and a picture of a fish. The tin and the fish
have come from far away. The name of that place
is sometimes printed on the tin. Many people have
worked to send that tin of salmon to our country.
Men dig tin from the soil in Malaya. Ships carry the
tin to factories in other countries.

There are many different kinds of salmon. Five
kinds live in the Pacific Ocean. Some are very big.
They are five feet long and weigh 90 pounds.
Others are little. Salmon have pink flesh and blue
grey skins.


THE SALMON FISH


A SALMON


А TIN OF SALMON


Salmon are sea fish. They live for three years far
from land in the middle of the north Pacific and
north Atlantic Oceans. In their fourth year they
swim 2,000 miles to lay their eggs in shallow rivers.
Many salmon in the Pacific Ocean go to the rivers
in Canada and Alaska, in the west of North
America. Salmon in the Atlantic Ocean go to the
rivers of west Scotland, Ireland, and England.

On the west shore of Canada and Scotland the
mountains are near the sea. They are high and
steep. South-west winds blow the clouds to the


SALMON SWIMMING UP A RIVER


2


THE SALMON FISH


anena CONNELLY


CATCHING SALMON WITH HOOK, LINE AND ROD


mountains, and a lot of rain falls there. Many
tivers flow quickly over stones and rocks to the sea.
In holiday times some Englishmen go to Scotland
to catch the salmon on their way up the rivers.
They use a hook and line and rod.

The chief river in west Canada is the River
Fraser in British Columbia. Vancouver is the port
at the mouth of this river. There each year men
catch and put into tins millions of salmon. There
are many factories for tinning the fish on the shores
at the mouths of the rivers.


3


А TIN OF SALMON
THINGS TO DO


1. If you can, get a tin of salmon. Take off the
paper carefully. Cut out the picture of the salmon,
the word Salmon, and the name of the country it
came from. Paste these in your book. Copy under
them the first two sentences in paragraph 3.

2. Look at a map of the Pacific Ocean and Canada.
Find the Rocky Mountains, the River Fraser,
Vancouver, British Columbia.


QUESTIONS


1, Name two oceans where salmon live. Name two
countries where salmon go to the rivers.
. Why do salmon go to the rivers from the sea?


. How old are the salmon when they go to the rivers?
. What do salmon look like?


> RYN


. Put the letters in these words in the right order to
make names of places you have read about in this
chapter:

nacada salaka ^ lendgan —— catslond.
B. Copy the sentences that are true :
(a) Alaska is north of England.
(b) The Pacific Ocean is west of Canada.
(c) Salmon swim to the rivers in their third year.
(d) The Rocky mountains are in west Canada.
(e) Scotland is north of England.

C. Finish these sentences :

(a) Men dig tin in .....

(b) Vancouver is at the mouth of the River .....

(c) Реоріе go to Scotland to catch .... in the .... -


4


СНАРТЕК П


THE JOURNEY OF THE SALMON UP THE
RIVERS


EACH year thousands of salmon go from the ocean
to the rivers. When they arrive at the mouth of a
river they are very tired. They swim slowly. The
river water is fresh, not salt. At first the salmon do
not like the fresh water. By and by they swim
quickly. They jump over stones and up little
water-falls. The big salmon can do this easily.
The little salmon often try many times before they
jump high enough to go over the water-fall.


SALMON JUMPING OVER A WATER-FALL


5


А TIN OF SALMON


If the water-falls on a river are too high or too
steep for the salmon to jump over them, men make
ditches, called “salmon ladders”, at the side of the
water-fall. The salmon swim up the water in the
ditches and do not try to jump the water-falls.


BROWN BEAR LOOKING FOR SALMON


Sometimes there are so many fish in a river that
a man cannot stand between them. ín the moun-
tains of British Columbia there are brown bears.
Mother bears bring their little cubs down to the
rivers, and take the salmon from the water with
their paws.

When the salmon arrive at the top of the rivers
they are tired and weak. They have jumped many
water-falls. They have come for miles up the river

6


THE JOURNEY OF THE SALMON UP THE RIVERS


against the current. They have not eaten any food
on their journey in the river. When they have
rested for a few weeks, the mother salmon lay their
eggs in smooth holes in shallow water. One salmon
lays 5,000 eggs. Then the father salmon comes and
puts a liquid over them. The mother salmon comes
back again and pushes little stones over the eggs.
After this the big salmon get thin. A few swim
back to the sea, but many die in the river.

The baby salmon, one inch long, hatch in 35
days. Under each there is a bag of food. This is
the yolk or yellow part of the egg. It feeds the little
salmon. They hide under the rocks until they are
big enough to swim to the sea.

Each young salmon goes to that part of the
ocean from which its mother came. It grows big


BABY SALMON WITH BAGS OF FOOD UNDER THEM


7


А TIN OF SALMON


for three years in the sea. In its fourth year it
swims back to the river where it was hatched.
No one knows how the salmon find this river.
They never go to any other river.

THINGS TO DO


1. Copy the picture of the baby salmon with its bag
of food. Find in paragraph 3 a sentence that tells
you where it was hatched. Copy it. Find in
paragraph 4 a sentence that tells you about the
bag of food. Copy it under your picture.

2. Try to find a picture of a river in west Canada
where salmon are hatched. If you may, cut it out
and paste it in your book.

Try to find also a picture of a brown bear.
QUESTIONS


1. Why are salmon tired when they arrive at the top of
a river?
What happens to the mother and father salmon when
the eggs have been laid?
3. How many weeks are 35 days?
4. Where does every salmon 50 in its fourth year?
A. What words do you know that rhyme with hatch?
B. Which of the following are liquids :
sugar water milk flour
rice coconut juice
Write one word in place of the words underlined:
(a) A baby chicken comes out of an egg.
(6) The yellow part of an egg.
(c) A strong flow of water.


8


Б>


О


CHAPTER III
CATCHING SALMON


THE biggest salmon swim most quickly, so they
arrive first at the mouths of the rivers in spring.
They are good for food but they are too big to put
into tins. Men catch some of these. They sell
them fresh in the markets for food.

At the end of the summer salmon of a different
kind arrive. They are called Sockeye salmon.
They are the best to put into tins. Their flesh is a
deep pink colour. They are not big. Each weighs
only 5 or 6 pounds.


PUTTING A BIG NET ACROSS A RIVER IN CANADA


9


А TIN OF SALMON


More than 2,000 boats go out in the mouth of
the River Fraser to catch the fish. In the autumn
silver salmon arrive. They weigh only one or two
pounds each. Fishermen catch some of these.
This fish is not as good as Sockeye salmon.

The fishermen put very big nets across the river.
The salmon swim up the river and into the nets.
The nets are full and very heavy. Machines lift
them. There are often 100,000 salmon in one net.
The machines turn the nets over. The salmon fall
into big flat-bottom boats, Strong launches pull
the boats to a factory on the bank of the river.

Sometimes the nets are tied to wheels. Machines
turn the wheels round and the nets go down into
the water. They move through the water and throw
the fish into boats. Sometimes they throw them
on to the wharf at the side of the factory. Chinese,
Japanese, and Red Indian fishermen work in the
boats and in the factories,

The fishermen live in wooden huts on the shore
near the factories, at the mouths of the rivers. At
the time the salmon come they work very hard.
The Government forbid them to catch fish every
day or there would not be any baby salmon.
Every fifth or sixth day the men do not put down
their nets. That day the salmon can swim up the
river.


10


CATCHING SALMON


FLAT-BOTTOM BOATS TAKING SALMON TO THE FACTORY


THINGS TO DO


1. Try to find pictures of men fishing for salmon.
If you may, cut out the pictures and paste them in
your book. Copy from this chapter a sentence
that tells you about each picture.

2. Look at a map of the British Isles. Notice the
many rivers and inlets on the west shores of Scot-
land and Ireland. Find the north-west Highlands
of Scotland, and the Isles of Skye, Mull and Iona.
What are the names of the groups of islands to the
west of Scotland?

11


А TIN OF SALMON


QUESTIONS


18
2:


3.


. Before adding -er or


Name two kinds of salmon.

Which are the best salmon to put into tins? How many

pounds does each weigh? j

At what time of year do men put the most salmon into
ins?

Why do the Government forbid the fishermen to
catch fish every day?


. Write the plural of these words :


launch paw yolk bear factory — water-fall
flesh.


. Find in column B the end of the sentences that begin


in column A.


A. B.
Baby salmon weigh 90 pounds.
Sockeye salmon have a little bag of yolk under
them.
Silver salmon have flesh of a deep pink
colour.
The biggest salmon are not the best to put into


tins.


-est to an adjective with a short
vowel sound, the last consonant must be doubled
unless there is anot


ге Is another consonant just before it.
e.g. big, bigger, biggest,
but quick, quicker, quickest,


=ar —est
wet о -

fatter mA
ik уа hottest
А КЕ. a
Ж bigger ear

жи fattest


12


СНАРТЕК ГУ
IN THE SALMON FACTORY


IN the factory men cut off the heads, tails and fins
from the salmon. They put the bodies in a machine.
There knives cut the fish, and brushes make them
clean. The fish fall from the machine into a tank
of clean water, and then go into another machine.
Knives in this machine cut the fish into pieces,
each big enough to fit into a tin.

Girls now put each piece of salmon in a tin.
They put water in the tin until the salmon is under
the water. They put the tins in an oven. Hot steam
half-cooks the salmon. Then the girls take the tins
from the oven and put a lid over each. A machine
presses the lid on to each tin and makes a hard edge
round it. This makes the tin strong and easy to
open. In the middle of each lid there is a very little
hole. It is only as big as a pin-hole.

Girls now stand the tins of salmon in boiling
water until the salmon is well-cooked. Air and
steam come out from the pin-hole. All the bacteria
in the tins die because the tins boil a long time.

13


А TIN OF SALMON


If the fish does not boil a long time some bacteria
will not die. Then the salmon will soon be bad in
the tin. If people eat bad tinned food they are
very ill.

When the salmon has boiled for a long time, men
take the tins from the water. They quickly put a
little solder over the pin-hole before the air can
go into the tin. Solder is soft tin. It melts quickly
and becomes hard again when it is cool.


TINS OF SALMON BEING COOKED


14


IN THE SALMON FACTORY


LOADING CASES OF SALMON ON TO A SHIP


When the tins are cold, girls stick coloured paper
round them. On the paper there is a picture of a
salmon, and the name. Men pack 48 one pound
tins in a case. Some salmon is put into half-pound
tins. Ships carry the cases to many countries. In
one year more than 700,000 cases of salmon go
from Vancouver. Some go in trains across Canada
and then to England and Europe. Some go
through the Panama Canal. Others go across the
Pacific to Australia and the Pacific Islands.

15


A TIN OF SALMON
THINGS TO DO


1. Look at a tin of salmon (or meat if you cannot
get salmon). Notice the hard edge on the tin.
How does this hard edge help?
2. Look at a map of Canada. Follow with your
pencil the railway journey from Vancouver to
Quebec. Ifthe map shows mountains and flat land,
say. оп what part of the journey would the train:

(a) climb steep mountains.

(b) cross a wide flat plain.

(c) go down a long hill.


QUESTIONS
1. Why do men boil the salmon in the tins for a long
time?


2. What do men put over the little hole in the lid?
3. Name a place that exports tins of salmon.
4. If a man was sending tins of salmon east from Van-
couver would he put them on a boat or a train?
A. Put these sentences in the order in which the work is
done:
Girls stick coloured paper round each tin.
Machines clean the fish.
Men put a little solder over the pin-hole.
The tins stand in boiling water for a long time.
Hot steam half-cooks the salmon.
B. In paragraph 3 find the present time of these verbs :


stood died ate came were
C. Underline the adjectives in the following :
hot steam The tins are cold.
coloured paper. Do not eat bad food.
clean water. There is a hard edge round each
tin.


PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY WESTERN PRINTING SERVICES LTD., BRISTOL


| You may find these words difficult. When you meet
| them in the book try to think out for yourself what they
mean. If you cannot do.this, ask your teacher for F Bep:


Nouns Adjectives Verbs
bacteria fins fresh forbid
bears flesh hatch
current · paws
cub solder
edge wharf
>>>